When Markets Fail
Dec 06 2005, 21:44 EST [updated Dec 06 2005, 22:18 EST]
Slate brings us The Right Price for Digital Music. The author's suggestion is to charge variable rates for music downloads instead of a flat $0.99. Popular songs might go for three dollars and unkowns for a quarter.
    What we need is a system that will continue to pack the corporate coffers yet be fair to music lovers. The solution: a real-time commodities market ..
    Here's how it would work: Songs would be priced strictly on demand. The more people who download the latest Eminem single, the higher the price will go. The same is true in reverse—the fewer people who buy a song, the lower the price goes. Music prices would oscillate like stocks on Nasdaq, with the current cost pegged to up-to-the-second changes in the number of downloads. In essence, this is a pure free-market solution—the market alone would determine price.
I love free markets. Free markets always do the best job at allocating scare resources. If oranges get expensive free markets sort out the people who want an orange from the people that just want a piece of fruit. Supply and demand says the guy with scurvy will pay more for the scarce orange but fruit lovers will still have an option.

The author proposes a system where demand for a song affects the price of a song. Sounds very free market, yah? Except for one thing: scarcity. I said free markets do the best job at allocating scarce resources. If someone with an orange grove produces a million oranges it will cost him twice as much to produce two million oranges - maybe more if all the good orange growing land is taken - that's scarcity. To make a song for download there are fixed costs up front but doubling the number of copies in existance is near zero. No scarcity.

His system would reward popular artists more than unpopular ones and it would be as good a way to measure the popularity of a song as quantity purchased. It isn't a market in the traditional sense. If the songs were a real commodity there would be a fixed number of copies around. If the songs were a real commodity there would be a resale market where people that owned a copy of the song could trade it. Everyone hates middlemen and speculators but they bear risk and smooth price bumps for the less specialized consumers.

I have no problem with charging more for popular songs. No one has a problem with the discount rack at Best Buy. I do have a problem with the author's hand waving 1-2-3

  1. Markets charge more for things in demand
  2. Charge more for popular songs
  3. Call it a market!
Scarcity is a big deal in human affairs (and a big, big deal in economics). Communism was a social fiction of abundance where everyone would get what they needed - a fiction where scarcity didn't exist. The opposite mistake is just as untenable. Imagine that the words in the dictionary were auctioned off (Yay, private property and markets!). It would be creating a social fiction of scarcity where none exists.

The practical upshot of the author's proposal would be preverse. The hard core fans who value a song the most would buy early at the lowest price before the song hit the radio (scarcity put on its head). Even if the system resulted in the exact same dollars spent on the same songs it would merely be a system where alubms sold at a flat price were considered a success by numbers (gold, platinum, etc) is replaced by a system where the area under the curve of numbers sold at what price determines success. I don't think the people at Billboard are itching to do integrals.

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